What is the fundamental belief of Utilitarianism in determining the rightness of an action?

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory, which means that it evaluates the morality of an action based solely on the outcomes it produces. The fundamental belief underpinning utilitarianism is that an action is considered right if it leads to the greatest happiness or the least amount of suffering for the greatest number of people. This focus on consequences distinguishes it from other ethical frameworks that might prioritize moral rules, individual rights, or character traits.

For example, options emphasizing moral rules or individual rights might guide actions based on predefined rules or entitlements regardless of the outcomes. Similarly, character traits pertain to the inherent qualities of individuals rather than the results of their actions. In utilitarianism, the end results dictate whether an action is deemed right or wrong, highlighting the importance placed on the consequences over other considerations. Thus, the correct choice aligns with the core principle of utilitarianism as it centers on outcomes and their impact on societal well-being.